The Mill Would Disagree With Rawls Interpretation...

Mill would disagree with Rawls interpretation utilitarianism. Mill states that actions are right in proportion as they tend to promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the opposite of happiness. (Mill 23-24) Mill states the principle of utility should not be used to create justice but to reserve or increase the happiness of the population. Mills states that the principle of utility should solely be used as mediation, such as moral quandary. Mill states on to say that we should solely abide by the principle of utility when faced with a moral dilemma. For example, if I were to be in the presence of a fellow peer being robbed it would my duty, in the name of the principle of utility, to stop and apprehend that robber in order to protect my neighbors’ utility and bring justice to the assailant. Mill would agree to this example, he would state that my actions were permissible because my desires were filled with virtues. Mill would maintain his argument by stating, we would choose without question to protect by deception or from witnessing an unjust act. For one to strictly understand Mill, one must take into account the many characteristics of happiness that are presented by Mill. In the first part of the second principle of justice proposed by Rawls, he states that the inequalities faced in society are to be organized so they are to the advantage of everyone; in accordance to the difference principal. The difference principle is comprised of two standards. First, thatShow MoreRelatedJohn Rawls and Utilitarianism2033 Words   |  9 PagesJohn Rawls and Utilitarianism Heath C. Hoculock The social contract theory of John Rawls challenges utilitarianism by pointing out the impracticality of the theory. Mainly, in a society of utilitarians, a citizens rights could be completely ignored if injustice to this one citizen would benefit the rest of society. Rawls believes that a social contract theory, similar those proposed by Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau, would be a more logical solution to the question of fairness in any governmentRead MoreEthics and Moral Theory3716 Words   |  15 Pagesaccordance with what they think or feel is right).à  This shows the key flaw in moral subjectivism -- probably nearly everyone thinks that it is legitimate to object, on moral grounds, to at least some peoples actions.à  That is, it is possible to disagree about moral issues.   à  (2) Cultural Relativism Right and wrong is determined by the particular set of principles or rules the relevant culture just happens to hold at the time. Cultural Relativism is closely linked to Moral Subjectivism.à  It impliesRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights3323 Words   |  14 Pagesinjustice and oppression, in contemporary politics they are used to create power relations, and implicitly, inequality. This will provide a good basis for the second part in which I will look at the incompatibilities within the theory- religion versus Rawls consensus based theory. Analysing the multitude of frameworks with their different ways of approaching and grounding rights underlines and reinforces the fact that there can t be a universal foundation for human rights. The third part will dealRead More2074 Final Notes Essay6510 Words   |  27 Pagesmakes exchange works, if we do not trust others, nothing would ever het done. We may be self interested, but we should also advocate trust because thatâ €™s what it takes to make money. / In butcher-brewer-baker case, if trust cannot be established, neither party will feel good about producing products for others unless they can trust them to pay. / Prisons Dilemma - Two men have the option of ratting each other or remaining silent. Prisoners would naturally want to improve their own condition, the bestRead MoreJurisprudential Theories on IPR13115 Words   |  53 Pagesby his/her body. Appropriating these products is viewed as unjust. Although Locke had never explicitly stated that natural right applied to products of the mind,[34]  it is possible to apply his argument to intellectual property rights, in which it would be unjust for people to misuse anothers ideas.[35]  Lokeans argument for intellectual property is based upon the idea that laborers have the right to control that which they create. They argue that we own our bodies which are the laborers, this right

The Supply Chain Risk Management Essay - 1484 Words

The Supply Chain Risk Leadership Council defines supply chain risk management as, â€Å"the coordination of activities to direct and control an enterprise s end-to-end supply chain with regard to supply chain risks.† (MITRE, n.d.) It aims to not only do damage control such as in the case of political unrest or natural disasters, but also to promote continuity while mitigating events the would interrupt a normal work day. Companies ranging from very small local shops to global companies have an element of risk in common that must be managed. Its importance is unprecedented. There are several threats to the supply chain; they include but are not limited to: volatility, material shortages, supplier financial issues, failures, and natural and man made disasters. (Rouse, 2016) Special software for supply chain risk management and strategies aid in alleviating these issues, enabling in the business s flexibility so that they can adapt to the disruptions quickly and efficiently. What is important to keep in mind when implementing the supply chain risk management strategies is that the business does not section strategies off according to their specific area; it should be approached holistically. (Genco, n.d.) All aspects of the supply chain are connected. To address the areas that affect the entire company, risk management focuses on four principles in order for the processes to be implemented: leadership, governance, change management, and â€Å"the development of a business case.†Show MoreRelatedThe Risks Of Supply Chain Management1354 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction When it comes to supply chain management all business must be aware of the risk and best practices to prevent problems with their product. Neither the seller or buyer is immune to the risks of bad supply chain management. When it comes to cybersecurity, companies must be sure that their products do not have vulnerabilities that they are unaware of. This can lead to reduced sales, damaged reputation, and cost a significant amount of money in remediation. Supply Chain Risks As with all other industriesRead MoreSupply Chain Risk Management3861 Words   |  16 PagesSUPPLY CHAIN RISK MANAGEMENT Scope and definition of the assignment problem Methodology Introduction Why are supply chains becaming vulnerabiles? Definition of risk Supply risk dimensions Perception of supply risk Supply chain risk management 8.1. How to avoid 6 management pitfalls Conclusions Bibliography 1. SCOPE AND DEFINITION OF THE ASSIGNMENT PROBLEM The aim of this paper is to describe and analyse the supply risk management in the field of strategic purchasing. Starting givingRead MoreSupply Chain Risk Management3278 Words   |  14 PagesMGT 650 Term Paper Risks Associated with Supply Chain Management I. Introduction Companies face a myriad of risks throughout their supply chain. To properly manage these risks, companies must be able to clearly identify them in order to accurately manage and mitigate their impact. Broadly defined, risks can be divided into two general categories: general risks, which are faced by most companies regardless of the nature of the industry in which they operate or the nature of the goods orRead MoreSupply Chain Risk Management6330 Words   |  26 PagesBusiness Services White Paper Supply Chain Risk Management: A Delicate Balancing Act A multi-faceted view on managing risk in a globally integrated enterprise Risk Management IBM Global Business Services Page  Table of Contents Risk and Consequence: Tales from the Industry Supply Chain Risk Categories Disruptive Events, Uncertainty and Impact Models and Methods for Supply Chain Risk Management Example of Risk Management for IBM’s Product Supply Chains An Approach for Measuring theRead MoreSupply Chain Risk Management Analysis1521 Words   |  7 Pages Uta Jà ¼ttner, (2005),Supply chain risk management, The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 16 Iss 1 pp. 120 - 141. Supply chain risk management is an intersection of supply chain management and risk management. For this we need to understand the benefits and as well as the limitations of both the concepts. Supply chain risk is about any threat of interruption in the order of workings of the supply chain. This Risk is generated as result of risk ‘drivers’ that are internal or externalRead MoreSupply Chain Risk Management Performance1422 Words   |  6 PagesDemand management performance, referring to the extent to which a firm is capable to fulfill its customer’s orders efficiently and effectively, has become one important indicator of a firm’s overall performance (Cachon and Fisher 2000; Heikkila 2002; Xu et al.2003). The demand management process is concerned with balancing the customer’s requirements with the capabilities of the supply chain. This includes forecasting demand and synchronizing it with production, procurement, and distribution capabilitiesRead M oreSupply Chain Risk Management Plan1299 Words   |  6 Pages(2005),Supply chain risk management, The International Journal of Logistics Management, Vol. 16 Iss 1 pp. 120 - 141. â€Å"Supply chain risk management is the process of identifying, assessing and controlling threats to an organization s capital and earnings that are caused by the organization s Supply Chain.  Companies with supply chain risk management plans in place typically place a chief risk office(CRO) in charge of overseeing the effectiveness of the organization s supply chain management strategyRead MoreSupply Chain Risk Management Analysis Essay3068 Words   |  13 Pages SUPPLY CHAIN RISK MANAGEMENT Intro: It is too difficult to give one and distinctive definition of Supply Chain Risk management (SCRM). Indeed, Sodhi, Son, and Tang (2012) begins their findings with the similar fact that ‘there is no clear consensus on the definition of SCRM (because some restrict the scope of SCRM to rare but large impact events while other authors believe that SCRM is about demand-supply uncertainties. 1/3rd of their analysis did not just show that respondents took a probabilisticRead MoreRisk Management : A Global Supply Chain1796 Words   |  8 Pages Research Paper: Risk Management in a Global Supply Chain Week 7 Research Paper/TLMT441 D001 Sum 14 Jerry King/Student ID: 4074738 Professor Little â€Æ' Abstract Risk management is a critical component to the success of any supply chain, yet this is still an area that sees little forward movement. In many organizations, risk management is viewed more as a reactive department, only becoming operational when a significant disruption arises in contrast to being an active and continual departmentRead MoreThe Risk And Benefits Of Outsourcing Supply Chain And Risk Management Essay961 Words   |  4 Pages The Risk and Benefits of Outsourcing Supply Chain and Risk Management. How Boeing 787 Supply Chain Issues Affected Other Industries? Debates between business professionals regarding risk and benefits of outsourcing is becoming increasingly heated with particular focus on risks as unanticipated costs, potential for setbacks, integration difficulties, quality or benefits as minimize overall cost, focus on other business area, meet customer demand and flexibility. However, being prepared, done

Biography of Dr Grace Murrary Hopper Free Essays

Dr. Grace Murray Hopper was born on December 9, 1906. As a child Grace Hopper enjoyed learning about machines, technology and other countries cultures. We will write a custom essay sample on Biography of Dr Grace Murrary Hopper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Following her mother†s love for mathematics and her father†s love for literature, Grace had high expectations for herself. Family life was large influence as she grew up, from the close relationship she had with her grandfather, a surveyor in New York City, she learned about real life at a young age. Her father, Walter Fletcher Murray, was a successful insurance broker, also taught Grace the importance of a good education to succeed in life. Her mother, Mary Campbell Horne Murray, perused a career in geometry by special arrangement even though it was not an encouraged job for women at this time. Grace’s great-grandfather, Alexander Russel, inspired her interest in the Navy. Russel had been a rear admiral for the US Navy, a position Grace also filled in her lifetime. Grace’s parents were progressive in their views of education for females, firmly certifying Grace’s pursuit of higher learning. Her father believed that Grace deserved a college education as much as his son did, and, with the coming of the depression, he thought it overbearing in order to secure a job in desperate economic times. To that end, Grace attended Vassar College in 1924, and quickly distinguished herself there in the disciplines of science, specifically mathematics and physics. She graduated in 1928 with Phi Beta Kappa honors and a Vassar College Fellowship, and with that scholarship financed continued graduate study in math at Yale University, earning there an MA in 1930 and a Ph. D. in 1934, as well as two Sterling Scholarships and an election to Sigma Xi. It was also during that time that Grace married Vincent Hopper, an English teacher from New York University. After the outbreak of World War II, Grace enlisted in the Navy, despite the disapproval of female cadets. With a Wanting to follow her Grandfathers footsteps Grace perused a naval career even though she did not meet the weight and height requirements to join WAVES (Women Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Service). But Grace received a weight and height waiver and took a leave of absence from Vassar College to join the Navy, even though the government thought that Grace’s mathematics skills would be better used at home. But she overcame this obstacle too and joined the Midshipman†s School for Women. Grace graduated first in her class as Lieutenant Junior Grade Grace Murray Hopper. From there Grace was assigned to work at the Bureau of Ordnance Computation Project, at Harvard University, to work with computers. Hopper worked under Commander Howard Aiken, and helped work with the Mark I, the first computer automatically sequenced to calculate the angles for the naval guns when the weather is bad. Hopper continued to work on the Mark II and the Mark III. For her achievements with this series she was given the Naval Ordinance Award in 1946. After the War many of the WAVES went back to their normal lives, but Grace, having just divorced her husband Vincent Foster Hopper, wanted to stay in the Navy. But Grace had just turned forty and the maximum age was thirty-eight, so Grace had to leave. She stayed at the Harvard Computational Lab, still being a member of the Naval Reserves. In 1966, the Navy asked Hopper to retire again, but after seven months, they found they couldn’t work without her and asked her return. Grace was asked to return to work for six months, but she ended up staying indefinitely. Upon graduating, Grace was assigned to the Bureau of Ordinance Computation at Harvard University. There she was greeted by Commander Howard Aiken who introduced her to Mark I as â€Å"a computer engine†. After coming acquainted with the device, Grace received her first mission from Aiken, which was â€Å"to have the coefficients for the interpolation of the arc tangents by next Thursday†. Officers Robert Campbell and Richard Bloch assisted her in the design of her computer program, which consequently made her the third person ever to program the first large-scale automatically sequenced digital computer in the world. When Grace was programming it, Mark I was being used to calculate the angles at which naval guns were to be aimed. A plethora of calculations were needed because the angles depended on weather conditions. Creating programs for the machine was similarly tedious for Grace and the company. â€Å"The coding sheets we used had three columns on the left [for code numbers] and we wrote comments on the right which didn’t go into the computer,† as she said. The values were translated to punch tape, which was subsequently input into the computer. With the accustomed problems associated with the Mark development and the inherent difficulty in its programming, results were slow achievements. One of their many problems was the proverbial computer bug, except that this time it was a literal problem. During the building of the Mark II, the predecessor of the former computer engine, the computer suddenly and for no apparent reason stopped. Upon inspection of the computer, Grace and her team found a moth, which had flown into a relay from an open window. The moth had been pulverized by the relay and consequently had caused the device to fail. The term â€Å"bug† was thus popularized to signify any system malfunction. A new machine BINAC was soon developed programmed in the more effective C-10 language, which according to Grace, â€Å"has been the basis for most codes since. A was add, M was multiply, B was bring, C was clear; it was a beautiful code. † Performed in octal, the programs forced Grace to teach herself octal arithmetic, which she eventually mastered with great proficiency. She subsequently realized a need to simplify the computing process, to make it more layperson friendly. Grace pursued different avenues to achieve this goal. Grace created her first compiler with the Sperry Corporation in 1952. Known as the A-0, the system was a set of instructions that translated mathematical code into machine language. Later the A-1 and A-2 systems evolved under her direction, and became the forerunner to modern programming languages. She pioneered the integration of English into programs, as well, with the B-0 compiler, later to be known as the FLOW-MATIC. Targeted for business applications, Grace’s machine were effectively using FLOW-MATIC to understand English phrases. By 1957 three major languages existed for computers: APT, FORTRAN, and FLOW-MATIC. Each language, however, could only operate on a specific platform, and with the proliferation of disparate languages the use of a single, uniform format came into demand. The universal language to remedy this problem was COBOL, and even though she was not involved in the project, much of which was based on Grace’s FLOW-MATIC. Throughout Grace Hopper’s life she achieved many awards that other women had never been recognized for. In 1964 she was awarded the Society of Women Engineers, SWE Achievement Award. Many people think of the Computer Sciences â€Å"Man of the Year Award† her greatest achievement. When she received this award in 1969, she was the first person ever assigned this award, and the first women to be presented any award by the Data Processing Management Association. Grace was the first woman to be inducted into the Distinguished Fellow British Computer Society in 1973. Grace also achieved many awards from the Colleges and Universities that she attended and taught at, such as the Upsilon Pi Epsilon, Honorary Member from Texas AM; Honorary Doctor of Engineering, Newark College of Engineering; Wilbur Lucius Cross Medal and Yale University. Grace taught at many colleges and universities in her life and gave many motivational speeches, her favorite teaching aid was a piece of wire that was the length of a nanosecond (about one foot), the maximum distance electricity can travel in wire in one-billionth of a second. She would then compare the nano-second to the microsecond that was over a thousand feet long. On January 1, 1992, Grace Hopper died at the age of 85. Even after her death Grace continues to influence many peoples lives. The impact she had on the world of programming has changed computers forever. She also influenced the naval and other military services through her perseverance and her plans for the future. She refused to let anything get in the way of her success. How to cite Biography of Dr Grace Murrary Hopper, Essay examples

Child centred approach free essay sample

Reflect on the importance of a child centered approach in early years setting A child-centred curriculum offers children the opportunity to make choices about what, how and who they want to play with. It enables children to progress and develop at their own pace. Good practice in an early setting will consider the child’s needs, likes and dislikes and adapt the planning of learning. It enhances the child’s growth and development and also makes them feel valued. It gives the child the right to freedom as well as learning alongside play. Practitioners need to make sure they put the child central as it encourages the child to progress. Practitioners need to make sure that they recognise the child’s voice and capture their ideas so they can achieve. To make sure that they are putting the child first, they shouldn’t use ideas from craft books or anything that may interest the practitioner, for example rabbits, not all children like rabbits so practitioners should put the child’s interest first. We will write a custom essay sample on Child centred approach or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is important that practitioners let the children be creative because it helps ‘children express and cope with their feelings’, (http://www.pbs. org/wholechild/parents/play. html, 23/11/12) for example if a child is angry then they will express their feelings through painting or drawing. The child-centered approach is important so that the children have positive attitudes towards learning, for example, if a teacher didn’t listen to the child and never planned around their interests, then the child would have a negative attitude towards learning whereas if the teacher put them central, then the child will be more positive as they have been valued. Children concentrate better if they are interested in something and children that have been listened to gain high self-esteem. Observing children in the setting is important to understand the child’s progression and understanding, it also shows what their likes and dislikes are and the EYFS supports this- ‘observe children to find out about their needs, what they are interested in and what they can do’ (principle into practice, enabling environments, observation, assessment and planning, 3.1) so that the practitioners can adapt their planning towards the needs of the child. At Bracebridge Heath Pre-school, practitioners will always carry around with them a jotter to write down their key child’s learning progression. Observations are there to identify their next steps. For example, child A at the setting didn’t like to touch the play dough, she would observe others but encouragement meant that she sat down and started to feel it. One way in which the setting doesn’t use the child centred approach is by using themes. The setting has created an autumn board for the children to decorate, but child B doesn’t like paint therefore he can’t engage in the activity. If a child centred approach was used this would benefit the child because the child would be interested in the activity, and if a child is interested, there is more opportunity for the child to learn something new. A negative aspect of the child centred approach is that the setting may not have enough resources or space for every child’s interests to be put forward and there may not be enough money to provide lots of resources. High Scope always get ‘children to  plan  their own activities (planning is choosing with intention)’(http://www. highscope. org/Content. asp? ContentId=410) meaning that they tell a practitioner what they want to do and they go and do it. Then afterwards the children then reflect on their planning, what they have done, what went well and what didn’t go so well. More nurseries are introducing High Scope as well as EYFS as they believe children learn and gain experiences better. This is important as children will learn to understand the differences from what went wrong in an activity and what was successful. If a practitioner explains to a child what they have done well, then the child is more likely to do the same thing again, this is called positive reinforcement. Vygotsky’s theory of a child’s development is completely different to the EYFS and High Scope. Vygotsky believed that children needed input from a ‘more knowledgeable other’ (http://psychohawks.wordpress. com/2010/11/03/theories-of-cognitive-development-lev-vygotsky/, 23/11/2012) such as a teacher or a parent. This means that children are going to learn more through the input of an adult rather than learning by themselves. Other theories believe that children learn at their best through play, whereas Vygotsky believed that children ‘learn from instruction’ (http://psychohawks. wordpress. com/2010/11/03/theories-of-cognitive-development-lev-vygotsky/, 23/11/ 12). Word Count – 660

Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleleyev Was Born In The Town Of Tobolsk, Siberia

Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleleyev was born in the town of Tobolsk, Siberia on February 8,1834. He was the youngest of the 14 children . His father was the principal of a gymnasium ( a school where there is not only body development but there is also the development of the mind). His mother was very smart and self-educated . She used her brothers stuff who went to a university. In 1847 his father became blind of the cataracts on his eyes and was forced to retire. In order to support this very large family his mother opened a glass factory , but pretty soon the factory burned down in 1848 shortly after his father died. His family had to walk about 1000 miles to Moscow in order to get Dmitry into the University . He was not accepted . He and his then walked to St. Petersburg where he did get into the institute of pedagogy. In 1860 his mother died at the age of 59 , this was four years after he graduated the institute as science and math teacher. He would work in the Crimea until war . In 18 56 he returned to the St. Petersburg in 1856 and finished his MS degree at the St. Petersburg University. ?In 1869 he received a government grant to go get his Ph.D. in Paris with the Physicist Renault? . On the way to Paris he stopped in Poland somewhere near Cracow in order to visit the salt mines. While in the salt mines was the place where his first ideas start to develop. Why should KCl, NaCl, and NaBr look and behave alike. In Paris he work was mainly focused on thethermal expansion of the liquids and a year later he went to the Heidelberg where he became good friends with Borodin . Also worked with Bunsen ( the father of photochemistry) . They dislike each other greatly . When he returned to St. Petersburg in 1861 after completing his Ph.D. and became a professor at the Technical Institute at the age of 27. In 1863 he married one of his sister's friend largely because of the influence from his sister. He did to really love each other ,but they had two children and mostly lived apart Mendeleev's mother This picture shows Mendeleev and his wife attending some science convention in St.Petersburg Bibliography 1) Encyclopedia Britannica on-line at www.eb.com:180 Search query :Mendeleev 2) www.cis.lead.org/MUCT/Mendeleyev.html

DBQ bubonic plagues of the 14t essays

DBQ bubonic plagues of the 14t essays The plague that struck Europe in the late 14th century not only killed 25 million people, but also struck fear into hearts of families everywhere. This disease would push colonies into a harsh and limiting lifestyle. Classes though were affected in different ways. The higher class fled infected areas and left peasants and slaves to be feasted upon by the plague. Children died off, as others were held from schools by parents afraid of contracting the highly contagious disease. The people of the affected areas had no idea how the disease was formed, but there guesses were based upon filth in streets and animals. Today we know that their guesses werent far off. Rats that ran around towns were infested with fleas that carried the devastating plague. Coming in contact these filthy animals was common and what they didnt know, Contagious. After one contraction the plague spread threw towns and soon countries all over. The European trading nation in terror cut off all contact with Rome. All exportation had been terminated. This led to a severe decrease of manufactured goods and trade in general among nations. Everyone holding on to religion as one of their only forms of comfort took many hardships into play. To them the bubonic plagues meant three words: Death, Gold, and Gallows. The expense of gold came from the hired pest control, which would board families that carried the disease up in there homes leaving them to starve or die from infection. The word gallows stood for any person who violated the health regulations set. As the plague spread nurses became short leading to death in massive numbers. For everyone of the 15th to the 18th century the bubonic plague brought nothing but death. I believe that the phrase survival of the fittest must have come from this era where a plague devastated societies and took many lives. ...

Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Decision Making - Essay Example It is a general assumption that consumers are easily swayed by proper channels of communication when it comes to marketing. The best method of communication to consumers is through advertisement. Advertisement will give an organisation a clear perspective of the market reaction towards their goods. Advertisement provides marketing strategists with a large population of consumers to please. However, a large consumer population to lure requires a lot of information depending on the consumer demand. Consumer demand is by far the best thing to understand when plotting a marketing strategy. Consumer demand requires an organisation to understand the requirements and needs of its target market. According to Ferrell & Hartline (2010) the lack of understanding one’s consumer requirement is the worst weakness an organisation can have in the marketing front. He further argues that consumers’ preferences should be the first priority in designing a marketing strategy. Lack of unders tanding one’s consumers is the most significant barrier in coming up with a marketing plan or designing. This paper will highlight the disadvantages the unknown factor in consumer requirements has on the marketing strategy of an organisation. It is usually a general assumption that marketing department holds the most importance when it comes to pushing sales and increasing the customer population. In all marketing departments, there should be a set aside team which does a marketing research on consumer requirements. With a known consumer preference, it becomes easier when the designing part of a marketing strategy. Firstly, all marketing strategies revolve around pleasing the target market. With this as the considered factor it is only logic to make the presentation of advertisements very appealing to consumers. Consumer preferences in advertising range from the method used in advertisement, channels used in marketing, the timing of advertisements and most importantly sinceri ty. That is; the advertisement should match the real product. With all these demands, a market research for preferences is advised (Ferrell & Hartline, 2010). Methods of marketing include digital advertisement or the use of sales people. Depending on the target market different consumer prefer different modes of advertising. It is usually a general consumer feeling that digital advertising is the most appropriate method. Apart from the consumer preference consideration, digital advertisement is appropriate for many organisations. This is because it reaches a much greater environment, it is easier to plan and implement and the cost is relatively low. The use of sales people seems to bug many individuals since they feel they invade their personal space. Depending on people’s activities during the day, the use of sales people may face great opposition from consumers. Consumer preferences also revolve around timing. Timing mainly affect digital advertisement since it depends on t he audience it reaches out to (Rantanen, 2005). He also argues that morning and daytime advertisement are likely to get a less audience compared to advertisement aired during the night. Researches indicate that night time advertisement slots are usually expensive compared to the day time slots. This is an indication that the general consumer market prefers and is easily exposed to night time digital advertisement. With increasing demands for advertisement channels it is also preferred that organisations do a market research on the best channels the

Advanced Nursing Skills - Group Process and Therapy Essay - 1

Advanced Nursing Skills - Group Process and Therapy - Essay Example it is imperative that nurses assume the role of nurse therapists and offer group therapies to the needy patients making use of their theoretical insights in group process and group dynamics. However, it is important that the group members are selected after careful screening so that the group leader (therapist or counselor) can address the psychiatric problems of group members who share certain common problems. Group therapy is aimed at offering empathy and support to all the group members by creating an atmosphere of trust that leads to sharing and exploring of each one’s concerns (Corey, 2008, p. 4). The skills of the group members are strengthened in group therapy with a view to enabling them to face future problems of similar nature. The scope of group therapy in mental healthcare setting is greater as this would enable a psychiatric patient to correct emotional and behavioral disorders that impede one’s functioning or to remediate in-depth psychological problemsâ⠂¬  (Corey, 2008, p. 7). However, it is essential that the group therapists guard themselves against any sorts of cultural or racial stereotyping and cultural encapsulation within a multicultural group setting. As pointed out by Corey (2008, p. 4), group therapies and counseling have â€Å"preventive as well as remedial aims.† However, one needs to differentiate between counseling groups and therapy groups. Group counseling is often problem oriented and addresses a specific educational, vocational, social, or personal issue. Similarly, group counseling is â€Å"growth oriented in that the emphasis is on discovering internal resources of strength† to face situational crises, temporary conflicts, or self-defeating behaviors (Corey, 2008, p. 4). On the other hand, interpersonal relationships are very much significant in group therapies and as such, these therapies stress the thoughts, feelings and behavior patterns of the participants as well. In this respect, Corey (2008, p. 7) observes that

Reading and writing experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reading and writing experience - Essay Example Whereas the university recognizes English as the primary language of instruction, Joe did not have adequate writing skills in English. Therefore, he had problems keeping up with the lecturers pace in the class. More often than not he had to keep on asking his desk mate for course books so that he could copy what he had not been able to copy during class time. This was a great challenge in his learning of English. He would thus opt to listen during class time and write the notes later during his free time. This interfered with his learning process. Additionally, he would find learning how to write in English difficult since learning in class was taking place at a very fast pace that he would not be able to keep up. The fact that the English class had many students from different parts of the world posed a great challenge for Joe. This is because students spoke different dialects. Whereas a good language environment is important for language development, Joe did not enjoy favourable language environment. He would often be confused on which dialect to follow and in the process lost track in learning how to speak English. However, he would sometimes hang up with few friends who are native English speakers and they would influence him to speak proper English. Furthermore, the cultural confusion would add more problems to learning how to speak English. This was because of the cultural conflict between different students in class. Learning to read and write in English means a lot for international students. Particularly, they need to learn English so that they can apply the same in learning other subjects. Therefore, the challenges faced by international students, like Joe, need to be addressed. The university may consider setting the right language environment for international students to influence their learning. Although mixing native and international students can cause cultural shock, it can be one of the greatest tools of enhancing

An Introduction To Dialog Telekom Ltd Business Essay

An Introduction To Dialog Telekom Ltd Business Essay Dialog Telekom PLC (The Company) operates Sri Lankas largest and fastest growing telecommunication network Dialog GSM. Dialog Telekom is one of the largest companies listed under the Colombo Stock Exchange. It is a subsidiary of the Axiata Group Berhad. Due to Dialog the Sri Lankan mobile industry has achieved new heights and has come at par with the developed world. The telecom company operates 2G, 3G and 3.5G mobile services, supporting the current trends in mobile internet and multimedia services, as well as international roaming. Dialog Telekom accounts for more than 50% of Sri Lankan mobile phone subscribers. Along with the mobile telecommunication business Dialog Telekom operates a wide portfolio of international telecommunication services including retail and wholesale international voice and data services. Dialog Broadband Networks Pvt. Ltd. (DBN) is an owned subsidiary of the Company, and is an important player in Sri Lankas ICT infrastructure sector. DBN was also the first service provider in Sri Lanka to introduce high-speed broadband internet services based on Wi MAX technology. Dialog Television Pvt. Ltd. (Dialog TV) is another subsidiary of Dialog Telekom PLC. It operates Dialog Satellite TV, a Direct-to-Home (DTH) Satellite TV service. Dialog TV supports a wide range of international and local television channels. Regarding the structure of the company, Dialog Telekom Ltd. has got a Hybrid structure which is a combination of Matrix structure as well as Modular structure. As in each Strategic Business Unit (SBU) works independently and every function of each SBU has communication linkages with one another. Top down as well as bottom up communication is available and it uses worldwide resources and technologies. MICRO ANALYSIS THROUGH SWOT Analysis Strengths 1. Dialog has the first mover advantage of GSM technology in Sri Lanka. 2. Due to its strong infrastructure it has got one of the best and far reaching mobile telecommunication coverage. 3. Relationship with a telecommunication tycoon in the same region; Telekom Malaysia Group. 4. Extension in collaborations maintaining good relations with other Telecom companies has enabled Dialog to have a global approach with services such as and Satellite Coverage high roaming. 5. Dialog Telekom has got a very aggressive marketing strategy which enables it to have a good and stable Brand Equity. 6. Companys financial analysis proved excellent stability in financial statements regarding investments. 7. Strong Public Relationship that has been built up over the years. 8. Expanded CSR initiatives increased the social value of the firm. 9. High quality technical innovations has made dialog market leader in Sri Lanka. 10. Constant rise in the share prices has gained the confidence of the investors leading to value increment. 11. Strong distribution network spread throughout the entire island.. 12. Well managed customer care support techniques has increase the level of customer satisfaction. 13. Wide variety of products. 14. Management Team is efficient and hard-working. 15. High level of corporate business knowledge retention through low employee turnover Weaknesses 1. Though the investment on advertising and value addition through technical innovation is high, there is no clear aim and idea of a broader market 2. Poor performance as on ISP. 3. Compared to its competitors Dialog lags behind in innovations related to pricing strategies. 4. The head office in Colombo is of a distributed nature due to non-expandability of the current location. 5. The level of motivation of internal employees is decreasing. 6. Due to the rapidly growing customer base the trends in Quality of Service are going down by the day. 7. In the front-office employee turn-over is high. Opportunities 1. Telecom is one of the fastest growing sectors in Sri Lankas 19.5million people 2. As per estimations 4.5million users would have mobile phones by the end of 2006 3. The communication industry is growing rapidly. 3. Fixed line penetration is low. 4. The approval and acceptability of the Value Added Services (VAS) by the users has increased the probability and success of any new VAS initiative. 5. The strategic partnership of Dialog Telekom with Vodafone UK. 6. Dialog has got the potential to gain benefits of Value Chain Convergence. 7. Technology advancements especially in mobile multimedia technologies and the advent and use of the next 3G mobile communications. Threats 1. The existence of all the other three GSM Mobile service providers pose a big threat to Dialog Telekom. 2. Indias Bharti Airtel Ltd. has got the license to be the fifth mobile operator in Sri Lanka and launch the 2G and 3G services in 2007. 3. The three existing CDMA service providers also pose a different kind of threat. 4. Strongest Competitor of Dialog, the Mobile wing of fixed line telecom giant SLT is focused on cost-cutting strategy through its low cost pre-paid products in the market. 5. Rapid changes in the political, social and economic conditions as well as the laws and regulations. 6. Changes in currency exchange rates and high inflation which is inversely affecting the global business. 7. Rapid change in customer preferences and their growing needs due to high level of customer awareness. 8. Constant changes in technology. 9. Dialog had to switch off all base station in northern-province during the last few months due to military operations by the Sri Lankan Govt. forces. Thus there is an uncertainty due to the growing counter terrorist campaigns. PESTEL Analysis Political Sri Lanka has very positive foreign investment policies. However though Sri Lanka identified importance of liberalization early as in 1977, due to political interventions bureaucratic attitudes inherited from colonial reign and poor governance, the country as a whole and specifically the industry has not grown as it was foreseen at the time of liberalization. During the past two decades, terrorist activities have remained constant as well. Economical Unstable macro-economic environment and trade policy regime has a negative impact on the industry. The fall of the exchange rate over the years happened on a gradual pace. Since the inception of liberalization policy it has undergone massive reforms in this sector. However Sri Lanka lags dynamics incorporated by India to attract foreign direct investments. The attitude towards foreign direct investments needs to be improved. Socio-Cultural Sri Lanka has better social conditions for example literacy rate is high, infant mortality rate is low and life expectancy is long. The country also has an educated and trainable work force. Nevertheless Sri Lankans inherit a bureaucratic attitude from the colonial administration that results in inefficiencies and discrimination. Technological Sri Lanka depends on technology transfers from foreign direct investments. However TRCSL encourages local research and development. The country comparatively has not performed well enough to adapt technological changes on a timely manner. For example the shift from analogue to digital and the adoption of CDMA technology materialized in a slow pace. Ecological Legal TRCSL the regulatory body takes up multidimensional roles. It ensures fair enforcement of Govt. policy, hold operators accountable for performance, address consumer issues, monitor changing industry needs and provide feedback to the policy making units. However TRCSL has been criticized over the years for information asymmetry, inefficiency and discrimination. Porters Five Forces 1. Threat of New Entrants a. Indias Bharti AIRTEL has got the fifth mobile operator license in Sri Lanka b. As per TRCSL, no more licenses would be awarded c. Thus it creates an entry barrier for all others to the market 2. Bargaining Power of Customers a. Consumer protection groups are almost non-existing b. As compared to the west, consumers are not that strong in their demands c. Quality standards and supports are comparatively not major concern if they exist at a basic level d. Low switching costs e. Customers are highly cost conscious 3. Threat from Substitutes a. Almost negligible b. Alternatives are fixed line and the more recent CDMA connectivity c. This is a much smaller market as compared to the huge total market 4. Bargaining Power of Suppliers a. Local and International suppliers for Dialog b. Depends on SLT, MTT and a few other VSAT operators to access the national backbone c. Thus these particular suppliers are extremely powerful d. Acquisition of MTT and the creation of the new subsidiary known as Dialog Broadband Network 5. Rivalry Among Competing Firms a. Very high competition with constant pricing wars b. Dialog certainly has an edge because of their Value Added Services and differentiation strategy and the huge customer base c. Value Added Services are becoming very popular among the consumers Strategic Groups Adopted by the Company Dialog strategies are visible in the companys corporate, business and functional levels. They have already diversified their business across many areas during the last few years. For instance, by acquiring MTT, Dialog managed to strengthen its transmission backbone. Also recent past it has acquired CBNSAT, a satellite TV transmission company, and DERANA TV Channel with a long term objective of a value chain convergence. In addition to reach the customer, Dialog has created many alliances with other business corporations. Cargills-Dialog alliance to allow Cargills customers to settle Dialog bills is just one such example. The business plan is formulated at the beginning of the year considering main objectives of the company. The progress of each project is monitored in a monthly basis through different strategic committee meetings. On the other hand, Dialog tries to introduce latest technologies into the market considering global mega trends through its comprehensive Research and Development wing. Services Year of Implementation Remarks 01 Introduction of GSM Technology 1995 1stin South Asia 02 Short Messaging Service (SMS) 1998 1stin South Asia 03 Automatic International Roaming (AIR) 1997 1stin South Asia 04 WAP (Mobile Internet) 2000 1stin South Asia 05 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) 2001 1stin South Asia 06 Location Based Services (LBS) 2003 1stin Sri Lanka 07 Missed Call Alert 2003 1stin Sri Lanka 08 Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) 2003 1stin South Asia 09 Trial 3G Service 2004 1stin South Asia 10 Call Home Service for Outbound Roamers 2004 1stin Sri Lanka 11 EDGE Service 2004 1stin Sri Lanka Among them, the Dialogs initiative to setup the Dialog Research Lab at the University of Moratuwa is of importance because it effectively enabled Dialog to provide tailor made solutions to the local market. Nokia phones with Sinhala language support and Tsunami warning system for mobiles are just to name a few such examples. These technology initiatives can be considered as a strategy used to capture the market by effectively staying ahead from the competition in the technology and innovation sphere. Structure The Companys business and operations are managed under the supervision of the Board of Directors comprising of 5 non-executive directors and 1 executive director. The Board has the power to appoint executive directors including the CEO. Divisional structure can be identified in company level but performances of the divisions are measured through different strategic committees. Systems Apart from the technical backbone, Dialog uses several systems to execute their business strategies successfully. For example- SAP ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) This was launched in 2006 January to integrate identified key process in the company. CCBS (Customer Care Billing System) Currently existing billing system is going to be migrated into a new system to provide more customer centric services. HRIS Used for Human Resource Management and all the day to day functions are carried out through this system. Style The management style always depends on targets and objectives. Strict deadlines are imposed while performance and progress are very closely monitored at all levels of the organizational structure. Rewards and benefit schemes are in line for the top performers and better achievements. All the employees will have a number of recreational opportunities such as trips, get-together, sports etc. to take some time off from busy work schedules. Staff The Company currently employs a workforce of 2500 who in turn are considered pivotal to the organizations growth and success. Annual manpower planning and recruitment is carried out in parallel with the business plan preparation. The capabilities required by potential employees are based on the requirements of the business plans applicable to respective departments of the company in any given year. Recruitment to the Company is governed by several policies. The core policy on filling vacancies spells out the Companys intention to attract the best with the aim of exploiting the individuals potential while providing career development opportunities irrespective of communal or gender differences. 7% of the total HR cost is devoted to training and development. The training needs for individuals and teams are identified from the competency requirements arising from the Companys business plan and employees annual performance review. Subordinate Goals All individuals with different backgrounds, different ethnics and nations are teamed up and driven towards a common set of goals and objectives at Dialog Telekom. The company has been successful in focusing the entire team towards a single vision by incorporating all individuals goals and personal objective together. Skills Dialog team consists of number of individuals with distinctive capabilities and competencies from top to bottom. Dialog is proud to have a very energetic and talented CEO in the caliber of Dr. Hans Wijesuriya. In addition to that Dialog is served by a team of top class individual in the Sri Lankan industry with lot of talent and exposures. Different Strategies Adopted by Dialog Telekom Corporate Strategy Considering the current performance, the key success factors and the SWOT analysis the directional strategy alternatives would be the following Growth strategy to expand the activities of Dialog Telekom further would be the first alternative. Since the current product lines have real growth potencial concentration of resources on those would be ideal. In concentration Dialog Telekom can follow the vertical growth strategy to take the benefit of the value chain convergence opportunity that is existing in Sri Lankan context. Stability strategy to continue with current activities without any changes to the direction would be the second alternative. Here Dialog Telekom can utilize pause/proceed with caution strategy to have only incremental improvements while the weaknesses stated are overcome. It can use this time to stabilize the organization due to the changes took place due to multiple strategies it adopted earlier such as acquisitions and investing on innovative developments, which will help to get back the loosing internal employee motivation. The first alternative will move Dialog Telekom further away from the competition and create a monopoly temporarily for converged industries of telecommunication, content, media and retail. However unfocused highspeed growth to capture the market without stabilizing the existing acquisitions can disassemble everything. The second alternative will give Dialog Telekom and its employees much needed breathing space. The recommendation would be to implement the second alternative initially to stabilize the organization without any other drastic change in the direction. And after some time they can adopt their long term beneficial value chain convergence option depicted in first alternative. Business Strategy The business strategy alternatives available for Dialog Telekom to improve the competitive position in the industries it operates would be The first alternative for the competitive strategy would be to improve on the current strategy of differentiation. It can improve this by having unique Value Added Services for each of its current strategic business units DBN, CBNSAT and Dialog Telekom itself. This can improve the customer loyalty and thereby can charge a reasonable premium rate than competitors. Second alternative which Dialog Telekom can try to implement is cost leadership to overcome the threat of lower rates provided by competitors, Mobitel. Since the VAS are less in Mobitel the switching from Dialog to Mobitel is not much in urban people who use these VASes. But people who are using purely as a voice/sms only are shifting as most of them are cost conscious and there is not much of a difference in coverage. Hence if Mobitel improves on its VASes it would become a serious threat at a stage at which only the rates would decide the attraction of that segment of the market. Typically the differentiation strategy is more likely to generate higher profits than low cost strategy. However differentiation strategy implementation may involve higher investment than low cost strategy. Competitive scope is an important factor when considering competitive strategies. The recommended alternative depends on the competitive scope in this situation. Considering both alternatives and the pros and cons of each most ideal would be to have culmination of both differing from the segment of the market. Dialog Telekom should have a focused differentiation strategy in the market where people are valuing the VASes and cost focus in the market where usage is purely for voice/SMS. Simultaneously Dialog Telekom should look at strategic alliances as a corporate strategy to gain competitive advantage by working with other organizations. Currently they have stated this with some banks and some supermarket chains as mentioned earlier. However this can be vastly improved to include alliances with insurance companies, stock brokers, popular food chains etc.

All Quiet On The Western Front :: essays research papers

All Quiet on the Western Front 1. In the movie “All Quiet on the Western Front';, the German soldiers were sent into the battlefield thinking that they were going to win. The inexperienced boys were persuaded in to fighting and dying for the victory of their country. This brought on a profound sense of disillusionment with the values of Western Civilization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the German soldier’s view they were looking to win the war and take over territory. Such as in Napoleon’s time, in which his values was to imperialize weaker countries. The Germans and Napoleon both possessed selfish movies instead of looking through the victim’s perspectives but rather looking to satisfy and protect their own desires and needs. This disillusioned the soldiers into fighting proudly for their homeland but never turning back to consider the possible downfalls in going into the western front. By the time the battle of the Somme ended, the German death toll in defense was 164,055, which was a disaster for the country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the Renaissance, European countries chose to break out of the Dark ages and reform and to modernize society. The values in reconstruction produced a sense of disillusionment with the actions that took place on the Western Front. The soldiers on the front were devastated during the first bombardment and all the mental and physical conditions of the soldiers deteriorated from that point on. The values of the Renaissance were the opposite of those that arose on the battlefield.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The fantasy of solving their own national problems disabled Germans in viewing other countries war aims. Over confidence destroyed the troops. 2.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the movie “All Quiet on the Western Front';, young inexperienced German soldiers eagerly enter World War I, but their enthusiasm “wears thin'; as they experience the horrors of the war. Slowly, they start to adapt to the cynicism of the veterans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The innocent boys started turning into men when they broke into pieces under the first bombardment in the trenches. The soldiers start to be beaten down, both emotionally and physically. They experienced near starvation, attacks by rats in the trenches, long stretches of boredom, seeing death of friends, and separation from family and friends. War makes a man inhuman. War change people. It makes people numb to violence in society and slowly adapt to cynicism. After 3 years of mental and physical battle, the troops, like the veterans, who have lived under these situations even longer, become misanthropic.

Progress and development in communication system Essay

The objective of the study are: To know if people are aware of the progress and development in communication system. To know how can people absorb the rapid change of technologies that affects our communication with other people and making more easy. To let people know how communication affects the fast growing of technologies. Significance of the study: Most of us already have our own mobile phones, it is essential to our everyday life and as time goes by, things have been changing, so it is important for us to know how our technologies changing, how are we affected by these changes, how can this developments improve our social life. Life has been improving because of technology and studying this human invention may improve our life even better. We have the right to know what are the new inventions that are being made to sell out to people. It is important for us to know what are the most advanced technologies that we can use on these days. Limitation of the study We are limiting this study for Engineering students of Lyceum of the Philippines University – Laguna, for both male and female from first year college to higher years, age 16 years old and above with smart mobile phones used for communicating others. Structure and Rationale of the problem Although mobile phones have taken over our current society, they have been around for several decades in some form or another. The first mobile phones, referred to as First Generation or 1G, were introduced to the public market in 1983 by the Motorola Company.

Combahee River Collective in the 1970s

Combahee River Collective in the 1970s The Combahee River Collective, a Boston-based organization active 1974 to 1980, was a collective of black feminists, including many lesbians, critical of white feminism.  Their statement has been a key influence on black feminism and on a social theory about race.  They examined the interplay of sexism, racism, economics, and heterosexism. As  black feminists and lesbians, we know that we have a very definite revolutionary task to perform and we are ready for the lifetime of work and struggles before us. History The Combahee River Collective first met in 1974. During â€Å"second-wave† feminism, many black feminists felt that the Women’s Liberation Movement was defined by and paid exclusive attention to white, middle-class women. The Combahee River Collective was a group of black feminists who wanted to clarify their place in the politics of feminism and to create a space apart from white women and black men. The Combahee River Collective held meetings and retreats throughout the 1970s. They attempted to develop a black feminist ideology and explore the shortcomings of â€Å"mainstream† feminism’s focus on sex and gender oppression above all other types of discrimination, while also examining sexism in the black community.  They also looked at lesbian analysis, particularly that of black lesbians, and Marxist and other anti-capitalist economic analyses.  They were critical of essentialist ideas about race, class, sex, and sexuality. They used techniques of consciousness-raising as well as research and discussion, and the retreats were also meant to be spiritually refreshing. Their approach looked at a simultaneity of oppressions rather than ranking and separating the oppressions at work, and in their work is rooted much of later work on intersectionality.  The term identity politics came out of the Combahee River Collectives work. Influences The name of the Collective comes from the Combahee River Raid of June 1863, which was led by Harriet Tubman and freed hundreds of slaves. The 1970s black feminists commemorated a significant historical event and a black feminist leader by selecting this name.  Barbara Smith is credited with suggesting the name. The Combahee River Collective has been  compared to the philosophy of Frances E.W. Harper, a highly educated 19th-century feminist who insisted on defining herself as black first and a woman second. The Combahee River Collective Statement The Combahee River Collective Statement was issued in 1982. The statement is an important piece of feminist theory and description of black feminism.  A key emphasis was on black womens liberation: Black women are inherently valuable.... The statement includes the following points: The Combahee River Collective is committed to fighting race, sex, and class oppression, and also recognized oppression based on sexuality.  These were analyzed not just as separate forces, but interacting forces. The synthesis of these oppressions creates the conditions of our lives.As black feminists, members struggle alongside black men to fight racism, but against black men to fight sexism.If black women were free, everyone would be free, because that would mean all systems of oppression had been destroyed.The Collective would continue to examine politics, including racism in white women’s feminism.  But eliminating racism in white feminism, they said, was the work and accountability of white women.The members believe in the organization of work to benefit workers instead of bosses. The statement recognized many forerunners, including Harriet Tubman, whose military raid on the Combahee River was the basis of the name of the collective, Sojourner Truth, Frances E. W. Harper, Mary Church Terrell, and Ida B. Wells-Barnett - and many generations of unnamed and unknown women.  The statement highlighted that much of their work was forgotten because of the racism and elitism of the white feminists who dominated the feminist movement through history to that point. The statement recognized that, under the oppression of racism, the black community often valued traditional sex and economic roles as a stabilizing force, and expressed understanding of those black women who could only risk the struggle against racism. Combahee River Background The Combahee river is a short river in South Carolina, named for the Combahee tribe of Native Americans who preceded the Europeans in the area. The Combahee River area was the site of battles between the Native Americans and Europeans from 1715 to 1717. During the Revolutionary War, American troops fought foraging British soldiers there, in one of the last battles of the war. During the period before the Civil War, the river provided irrigation for rice fields of local plantations.  The Union Army occupied a nearby territory, and Harriet Tubman was asked to organize a raid to free slaves to strike at the local economy. She led the armed raid - a guerilla action, in later terms - which led to 750 escaping enslavement and becoming contraband, freed by the Union Army.  It was, until recent times, the only military campaign in American history planned and headed by a woman. Quote From the Statement The most general statement of our politics at the present time would be that we are actively committed to struggling against racial, sexual, heterosexual, and class oppression, and see as our particular task the development of integrated analysis and practice based upon the fact that the major systems of oppression are interlocking. The synthesis of these oppressions creates the conditions of our lives. As Black women, we see Black feminism as the logical political movement to combat the manifold and simultaneous oppressions that all women of color face.

The Internet Essays - Cultural Globalization, Digital Technology

The Internet Essays - Cultural Globalization, Digital Technology The Internet Abstract The Internet is a source of more information then most of us know. In this report I highlight some of my favorite things. Also, I highlight some of the things that we as users and buyers need to be cautious of before using. What is the Internet? What comes to a your mind when they think of the Internet? Well, I will tell you what used to come to my mind. When I thought of the Internet, I thought of x-rated Web pages and chat rooms. I envisioned a medium that was so full of disgusting and perverted pictures that parents needed a "cybersitter" to make sure that their children did not get into the Web pages that they were not supposed to. I thought this was the way it was because that is what I had heard about, but I'm a experimental type person and decided to investigate for myself what was really on the Internet. What I found surprised me greatly, for although there are a lot of things that a person would not want their children to see or read, a person has to intentionally search out these things to find them. When you compare the wealth of information you can retrieve off the Internet, it is worth the effort that it takes to make it where children can work on the computer without fear of them being exposed t! o something they should not. One way to make it safer for your children and teens is done when you origianly sign up with your Internet provider. What you do is turn on teen access only, or children acess only, but since nothing is foolproof, keep the computer in a open spot where the you can always see what is going on, for supervision is always the best solution. What does the Internet do? That is a concise question with a broad answer. The facts show that the Internet does nothing. We travel through it to get to our destination ,but we do not use it as itself. It is a tool in our human communications capability. In my research the article compared the Internet to the telephone system, and said that it was similar to our Interstate highway System. The Internet extends the reach of people so that ideas and services can be exchanged, but this does not happen by itself. The Internet is actually a global network of networks. Millions of computers are able to share information with each other using the telephone lines. In fact, the Internet links at least 3 million computers at any one time, and that does not count the people logging on just to surf the net. It only counts the institutions providing some type of Internet service, or information sharing programs. How did the Internet begin? I thought this was interesting. The Internet began like most things in our society, that is to say that it was started by the government. The Internet started out as a experimental military network in the 60's. It then expanded to other governmental agencies and then to higher education. Now the Internet is well known all over the world, for just about anywhere you go, people know what the Internet is. Not everyone knows what to do with the Internet, but most know what it is. Now, unlike a few years ago, the Internet is accessible to just about anyone with a computer. The individual needs only a modem, but they also needs internet access to be connected. At this point it would be good to distinguish between Internet providers and commercial services providing Internet access. As I mentioned before the Internet started with the government and spread to education. These two groups comprised the bulk of the Internet until the late 1980's when companies began linking to the Internet. So a University or Government agency that provides internet access to their students and employees are providing what is considered full Internet access. They do not pay for their Internet access it is part of their studies and employment. On the other hand, the average Joe can get hooked online through a commercial service such as America online, prodigy, and other large communications company such as AT&T and

Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Air Pollution and Cardiovascular Disease - Essay Example Air is humankind's natural source of respiratory Oxygen. Its preservation may have been openly disregarded, so that the current generation has to face up to the maintenance of its life supportive feature (Goldman 1972). Unfortunately, up to this time, City dwelling is still synonymous to smog dwelling. This haze or smog is created primarily by a mixture of potential toxic chemicals like nitrates, sulfates, and particulates, formed mostly from the automobile exhausts and industrial factories emissions (Miller & Levine 2003). Australians are well aware of the long standing problems poised by these air pollutants that environmental watchers groups have been organized at a state-level. But, the private sector's enthusiasm is not usually matched by the civil servants at the local government level because its power is limited to implementation of the Federal government's policies and decisions. This is despite the fact that the initial commonwealth system has already adopted the Federal system. The bureaucracy appears to delimit after all, efforts to make lighter air pollution problems at the state level. At some other points nonetheless, government must just be cautious with the policies and decisions so as not to create a barrier for prospective business investors, as market flexibility must be maintained, as well as market share in the economic sphere. In other words, where does the Australian governmental economist stand on the latest question of cost and benefits Are there tools and principles that could clarify the issue Where does one take off in making an economic analysis of the environment Body Greening as a dilemma picks-up momentum at the point where the demand for environmental quality accelerates. Australians' demand for quality air as relative to greening was manifested in several instances, and several manners. They conveyed this need by participating in local and national debates on environmental rules and regulations (Garnaut 2008). Some created representative groups to lobby their cause among governmental or political personalities. Others patronize only organically produced products as well as products that are biodegradable despite additional cost. Still others does not mind purchasing expensive homes and living in areas distant from the busier strips of Australia for the quality environment that supports quality living. Clearly, the Australians' demand for quality air which is supportive of healthy living has developed over the years because of the twofold rationale. Foremost are the raised takings which correspondingly raised the purchasing powers of the citizens. Subsequently, the demand for goods and services expanded to some extents as to certainly demand for high quality air also. Australians value for clean air became equitable with their keenness to spend for it. Nonetheless, Australians' awareness of the consequences of human activities which are more often perilous to the air in the environs

Fundamentals of Mass Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Fundamentals of Mass Communication - Essay Example The films Terminator and Robocop mirrored the â€Å"dehumanizing potential of technology† that was an issue in America during the reign of President Reagan (16) with the concept of male heroes and female damsel in distress to make the story alive and exciting. However, some films were created simply to be entertaining without much connection to a particular social and political state of affairs. I chose to deconstruct The Matrix film episode due to the meanings attached to its symbols and due to its popularity. The symbolism and gender stereotyping in film can be an effective tool in conveying messages to mankind’s socio-political issues. The film The Matrix was first shown in public in 1999 but due to its huge success it became a trilogy with The Matrix Reloaded episode in May 2003, and The Matrix Revolutions shown in November of the same year. The film appeals to both male and female audiences from teenagers to late twenties basically because it is the age group who are interested in virtual games and martial arts stunts. The film is heavily loaded with gravity defying martial arts stunts and its story is based on computer generated technology which is of interest to the aforementioned audiences. The romance between the lead characters of Neo and Trinity as well as Trinity’s own persona in the film makes it generally appealing to female audiences. Major Characters and its Symbols. In the hit science fiction film The Matrix, the major characters Neo, Trinity, Morpheus, the Oracle, and Agent Smith embodies the archetypes described by Carl Jung. These archetypes along with the other symbols were used to support the entirety of the film and the message it wanted to convey to its audiences. It is worth noting though that the film is heavily loaded with male characters playing both the protagonists and antagonists roles. In the trilogy, there are four women who played important roles:

The Times of Harvey Milk connection to Sociology Essay

The Times of Harvey Milk connection to Sociology - Essay Example ranciscans participated in the protest rally after the murder and they expressed their anger by indulging in violent activities including attack on police vehicles. People were more furious on the leniency shown to White, during the trial procedure. (Profile/milk, time.com). It is very interesting to view this movie in the context of sociological theories, and especially the hero Harvey Milk, due to the concepts of deviance and conflicts involved, through out his life. All the deviant activities and conflicting events including his assassination and the resulting violence were illustrating the various aspects of different sociological theories of deviances and conflicts. Every conflicts and perceived deviances occurred as a result of the courageous life practiced by Harvey Milk, by questioning the conventional ideas and traditional social perceptions. Conflict theories suggest that society and culture influences individual behavior. Economic and social inequality in a society is cited as the most significant cause of conflict. According to conflict theorists every society will be economically unequal. The most important and influential position are handled by powerful people in a society. (pathway2, sociology.org.uk). In this movie also it is evident that the Harvey Milk being a member of a gay community was discriminated by the general society, especially the governing class. The protagonist of the movie, Harvey Milk, is suffering mainly from the inner conflicts. The socio economic environment in which he was brought up was sufficient enough to create conflict in his own inner sense. While dealing with other people his sociological background influenced him. Conflicts are created through out the structure of the society presented in the movie. Conflict in the society is instigated by competition. There are three assumptions related to conflict theory which are suggested by the traditionalists. Interests of various groups in the society are the one aspect of

Higher education Essay Example for Free

Higher education Essay Modern day education is aided with a variety of technology, computers, projectors, internet, and many more. Diverse knowledge is being spread among the people. Everything that can be simplified has been made simpler. Science has explored every aspect of life. There is much to learn and more to assimilate. Internet provides abysmal knowledge. There is no end to it. One can learn everything he wishes to. Every topic has developed into a subject. New inventions and discoveries have revealed the unknown world to us more variedly. Once a new aspect is discovered, hundreds of heads start babbling over it, and you get a dogma from hearsay. Not only our planet but the whole universe has become accessible. Now we have good and learned teachers to impart us with knowledge of what they know. Every one is a master in his field. We and our children are getting taught by professionals of their field. Presently our education is based on making us the best in our area of interest, to help us reach our goals more easily. More of the fact based knowledge is being grasped by us. What we learn helps us in our career and in our profession. Professionalism is deep-rooted in our society now and this education makes us so. Skill-development and vocational education has added a new feather to the modern system of education. There is something to learn for everyone. Even an infant these days goes to a kindergarten. And a little grown, mentally and physically is promoted to a Montessori. Everything is being categorized, be it a primary, middle, a higher secondary or graduate school. We have temples of education known by a familiar word the â€Å"university†. Whatsoever we are getting educated day by day and what’s good about is that it’s a never-ending process. Rightly said by Aristotle, â€Å"Education is an ornament in prosperity and a refugee in adversity. † is what everybody feels now. THE CON’S Well, that was the positive side, but every story has two telling. Of all the virtue, our education system has developed into mere schooling now. New trends are being developed which are far more a baloney that boon. Albert Einstein once said â€Å"Education is that which remains, if one has forgotten everything one learned in school. † Firstly our education is confined to schools and colleges. It has become a process of spoon feeding. â€Å"Spoon feeding in the long run teaches us nothing but the shape of the spoon† were the words of E. M. Forster. We are being fed with facts and knowledge. Not art, not books, but life itself is the true basis of teaching and learning. Cramming of facts and dates, hi-fi mathematical formulas, theories and doctrines should be at college levels when one has chosen his area of interest. What will the history pay a doctor or a mathematician, or medical terms to a historian? Secondly, an art can only be learned from a workshop of those who are earning their bread from it. Modern education has spread more ignorance than knowledge. Most of the women even don’t know, where, the fabric they are wearing, came from. The word â€Å"How† is missing in our world which causes ignorance. â€Å"Education†¦has produced a vast population able to read but unable to distinguish what is worth reading. † says G. M. Trevelyan. Thirdly all education is bad which is not self-education. Presently, children after school are sent to tuitions. This is a clear question mark on the ability of school teacher. Homework tutorials are mushrooming up in our society. Students are thought of like they can’t do anything on their own and so are sent even to do the homework. Our schoolings got a lot of loop-holes. They guide us through a well catered pathway which finally leads to professionalism. Homework is a waste of time, if it is to repeat class work done today or to be repeated as class work to be done tomorrow. Our schooling does not leave us with time to get educated. Mark Twain once said that† I have never let my schooling interfere with my education†. Our child’s normal routine has become to wake up early, brush up their minds with light reading, go to school, then go to tuition and finally come home and do the homework. Finally our education is producing machines out of pupil. They read books, they speak books and they do books. Discussing in class lead to complications, which remains as confusions for a life time if left untreated. Vladimir Nabokov, a U. S critic, poet and novelist says â€Å"Discussion in class, which means letting twenty young blockheads and two cocky neurotics discuss something that neither their teacher nor they know. † So, it’s a matter of debate that our education system is fallacious or fair.

Norovirus: Strategies To Improve Terminal Cleaning

Norovirus: Strategies To Improve Terminal Cleaning This paper provides comprehensive background information related to norovirus outbreak and critically evaluate the implications of the issue by expounding on the adoption of infection control measures and effective management practices to minimise risk factors associated with the epidemic followed by terminal cleaning in an orthopaedic ward. The historical background of the infection was specified when an outbreak of gastro-enteritis was detected in a school in the town of Norwalk, Ohio, USA, more than 25 years ago, and Norovirus (NV) was then recognized as a potential ailment. The virus is derived from a genus within the family Caliciviridae consisting of a diverse group of non-enveloped RNA viruses that generally lead to infection. It was previously named as Small round structured virus (SRSV) infection and Norwalk-like virus (NLV) infection and is said to cause winter vomiting although it can occur at any time of year. Substantial increase has been observed in the outbreaks of nor ovirus infection in recent years and it has been reported that the GII.4 norovirus strain has increased transmissibility and virulence resulting in excess expected mortality and morbidity rates amongst affected patients (Harris et al. 2008). Although the disease is self limiting and is considered mild but elderly and immune-compromised patients are said to be at higher risk. Lopman et al, (2003) after analysing data from norovirus outbreaks in England and Wales during 1992-2000, disagreed to acknowledge norovirus as a trivial disease and emphasized that it is one of the contributing factor to the worsening condition of the immune-compromised patients. The instigation of the infection is acute which is initially characterized by abdominal cramps, diarrhoea, nausea, and vomiting followed by myalgia, headache, malaise and a low grade fever that might transpire in up to 50% of cases (Wilson 2001). The highly contagious viral gastroenteritis is spread by person to person contact through faecal oral route furthermore, aerosols or environmental contamination followed by faecal accidents or droplet transmission through projectile vomiting is another cause of infection as it spread viruses into the air as an indiscernible mist and especially targets the vulnerable individuals in a closed or semi-closed setting e.g. hospital wards and nursing homes. Noroviruses has the tendency to spread quiet easily and may also cause outbreaks due to contaminated food or drink as these viruses may settle on people or food present in the same room. The virus can also be widely spread due to negligence of healthcare staff to maintain hygiene or due to the c ontaminated surfaces especially commodes, toilet doors and chains, taps etc (Chadwick et al. 2000). The symptoms lasting for at least 48 hours indicate that the patient with viral gastroenteritis is considered to be potentially infectious. The symptoms may last longer in case of elderly patients and the severity of the vomiting may also result in dehydration. Test results of faeces or vomit determine the identification of viral gastroenteritis and it has been submitted that the onset of vomiting in a number of people over a period of 1-3 days indicate that the virus is continuously spreading within the setting. It has been studied by Love et al, (2002) that norovirus outbreaks can be devastating in closed or semi-closed communities as for example hospitals, nursing homes, child care centres and leisure industry settings such as hotels, restaurants and caravan camps are more susceptible to trigger the outbreak of infection. The daily routine within a closed or semi-closed setting can be seriously disrupted by the outbreaks due to relatively high attack rates as the transmission of virus is enormously swift. The outbreak of norovirus infection confers short term immunity with a rapid spread out and therefore, absolute prevention from the epidemic is unattainable however, the risk of norovirus outbreak can be mitigated by effective control measures in order to limit its impact and disruption of routine healthcare services. Every single healthcare unit shall prepare a logical series of steps followed by an outbreak plan agreed by the Infection Control Committee of the hospital or Director of Public Health, in order to recognize the risk of outbreak instantaneously and establish the effective control measures. As soon as norovirus outbreak is suspected, the outbreak control team that is usually comprised of consultant microbiologist or other medical staff members, need to take necessary initiatives to identify the extent of outbreak by coordinating the preliminary investigations and take all the necessary measures to impede the spread of infection, if the outbreak is declared (Said et al. 2 008). The most significant aspect after detecting an outbreak is effective communication that can be achieved by placing notices at the entrance to the ward, alerting the relevant and voluntary staff to take charge, distributing leaflets and educating the visitors to postpone their visits. One of the most preliminary preventive measures is stringent hand washing with water and soap followed by the use of gloves and plastic aprons by the healthcare staff while taking care of patients and finally the use of face masks when dealing with vomit or removal of exposed food. Moreover, immediate disinfection of the setting with chlorine releasing disinfectants, when contaminated with vomit or stool prevents embedding of the virus and further spread. Segregation and isolation of affected patients are useful preventive approaches however, it could be problematic due to over occupancy of the rooms and beds. On the other hand, patients might also be unwilling to move from their room to another as the isolated patients express greater dissatisfaction towards their treatment and seem to obtain less documented care however, it is crucial to keep the symptomatic people apart from asymptomatic ones. The uninfected patients could be discharged only if the patient is able to cope up with the situation in case if there is a likelihood of him/her becoming symptomatic. Closure of the entire orthopaedic ward is a wise alternative that significantly discourages the exchange of staff and patients between wards so that the probable spread of the infection to other wards can be prevented (Ayliffe et al. 2000). Exclusion of the symptomatic staff members is imperative and must not show up on work until 48 hours after normal bowel habits have returne d. The excessive admittance to the ward must also be reduced to avoid the over crowdedness and uninfected patients may be discharged to their homes provided their relatives are educated about the personal risk to themselves and also about the preventive measures so that the probable risk of infection can be minimised. As studied by Gallimore et al, (2006) norovirus can be found on a huge variety of hand-touch sites such as toilet taps, door-handles, hospital equipment, elevator and microwave buttons, switches and telephones and therefore additional efforts are anticipated from the cleaning staff during an outbreak. In order to control the outbreaks of norovirus the significance of environmental cleaning must be evidently acknowledged and specifically addressed. Cleaning does not necessarily means to clean the floors, the norovirus outbreak requires a comprehensive terminal cleaning program at least twice a day and the cleaning includes clinical equipment, floors, toilets and general surfaces (Damani 2003). Furthermore, curtains, bed covers and pillow cases should be removed and sent to the laundry, and the rest of the soft furnishings including carpets shall be either washed down or, preferably, steam-cleaned. All general cleaning agents especially those used for cleaning toilets and bathroom area s should be with a chlorine-containing disinfectant or bleach at a specified concentration which is usually 1000ppm chlorine (Horton Parker 2002). With some surfaces the use of 1000ppm chlorine is incompatible and requires correct safety measures to be taken by the cleaning team which sometimes becomes difficult due to lack of training or individual negligence however, no differences were found between disinfection with 250ppm chlorine and the use of no chlorine. Barker et al, (2004) suggested that the cleaning policies should always include the use of chlorine releasing disinfectants since detergent-based cleaning often fails to eradicate the virus from the environment. There are certain factors that significantly influence the management of the overall outbreak within a healthcare setting or an orthopaedic ward. The foremost factor that greatly affects the preventive measure is the delay in the identification of an outbreak as a result of which there could be chaos during the epidemic which could be extremely exasperating. The main reason of such a gaffe could be flawed infection control policy, inconsistent decision making, sheer negligence or simply false judgement. The administrative policy of a healthcare setting plays an important role to determine the success and failure of an organization to combat with complicated health crisis. A clear, concise and effectively documented framework enables the healthcare staff to carry out preventive and control interventions by adhering to the strict rules and regulations and thereby, mitigate the risks of mismanagement. The organizational policy provides a platform for the infection control team to carry out preliminary investigations to substantiate the outbreak and immediately take full control of the situation by integrating the early control measures as for example, segregation and isolation of affected patients and comprehensive cleaning. Regardless of the size and capacity, every closed and semi-closed setting must designate the infection control staff to manage the outbreak. The preliminary investigation should be led by the consultant microbiologist or infection control nurse or any other designated clinician to establish a tentative diagnosis and to convene an outbreak control team if norovirus is suspected (McCulloch 2001). The composition of the team may vary depending on the setting and the extent of the outbreak. The infection control team is responsible to develop a descriptive epidemiology along with environmental health investigation to quantify the extent of the outbreak with the help of survey questionnaires that additionally help to identify the outbreak in terms of an individual, place, time etc followed by which careful preventive measures are undertaken to exclude a sources of contamination. The organizational and structural policy helps the infection control team to compile and analyse data of the reported cases followed by microbiological investigations and complex analytical studies to determine possible exposures and methods of transmission (Pellowe et al. 2003). The role of senior management and decision makers of a healthcare setting is very crucial in addressing the complications raised by the norovirus outbreak within an orthopaedic ward. For an organization capital and revenue, recurring and non-recurring costs must be considered while developing an infection preventive and control policy. It is very important for a healthcare setting to assess the risk control planning process and compare it with the risk exposure costs with the cost of planned improvements to current controls (White et al. 2008). The norovirus outbreak within an orthopaedic ward demands additional staffing, training requirements capacity, cleaning equipment and several other resources. Extra staffing is required depending upon the size and capacity of the setting but usually additional drivers and substitute nurses are arranged prior to an outbreak. Furthermore, training requirements also increases as an outbreak of norovirus within an orthopaedic ward is an emergency situation where the need of highly skilled and trained healthcare staff becomes higher. The increase in resource requirements must also be considered and identified prior to draw infe ction management plan as it is quite possible that the impact in cost or resources required might outweigh the actual impact of the risk materialising on the organisation (Reason 2000). Therefore, it is essential for the policy makers to prioritize the needs and requirements of the issue and compare it with the budgetary restrictions and come up with a sensible and realistic plan that not only addresses the issue but also abide by with the fiscal arrangement of the organization. The preventive and control policy must ensure to respond to the increased demand for cleaning in the affected areas and for additional demand for cleaning supplies etc. The prioritisation of risks allows the organisation to characterise the potential health risks that require early attention on a cost and benefits basis and address them in the most effective way. Moreover, it is wise for the management to develop a partnership culture that guarantees the involvement and participation of all staff in risk ass essment so that the distribution of responsibilities is equally distributed and comprehensively understood. Staffing is yet another factor that subsequently influences the progression of preventive measures and management of infection. Increase workload can be observed followed by a norovirus outbreak within a healthcare setting as there is an incremental admission of patients and this may lead to unmanageable situation. When the workload increases it is quite obvious that the healthcare team is under extreme pressure and a lot of stress on an individual basis and therefore, it becomes vital to draw a sensible management plan to reduce traffic as it becomes very difficult for the healthcare staff to maintain absolute hygiene practices running parallel to incremental workload and visitors. The overcrowded wards shows a potential risk of accelerating the circulation of norovirus in the healthcare setting as well as a wide distribution of the virus in the environment outside a ward or hospital which is alarming. Furthermore, the spread of infection is not restricted to patients and the health care team especially those having direct contact with the patients are equally susceptible to catch the disease and hence there is a probability of shrinkage in staff members (Damani 2003). The increasing absences may lead to a difficult situation for the management as the size of the setting or the overall budgetary restrictions may result in downgrading the infection preventative and control measures. It is very important to retain highly trained staff and nurses in the ward at the time of an outbreak as the lack of trained and experienced staff may also result in the worsening of the overall development. By ensuring hygienic practices and the implementation of strict infection control measures the overall staff benefits as fewer staff members will fall ill, consequently there will be fewer costs for sick leave and the substitution of staff. Moreover, continuous care for the patients will also be guaranteed. The influential factor like human fallacy is another aspect which cannot be ignored. The patients and healthcare staff are both humans and it is quite possible for an individual to deliberately refuse to follow the specified guidelines and hygiene practices or an individual may unintentionally do something which might aggravate the issue (Reason 2000). On the other hand, poor structural and utility planning may also be an aggravating factor especially where there is a lack of wash hand basins in clinical areas then the possibility of virus spread becomes inevitable (Rayfield et al. 2003). The excessive workload and pressure due to rush season especially when there is a declared epidemic within a healthcare setting, the overstretched staff sometimes become ignorant to comply with the infection preventive and control measures that lead to severe consequences. Another significant aspect is the lack of education regarding the underlying issue which significantly becomes the prime cause o f spreading virus. The unhygienic or ignorant behaviour of the patients visitors also add to the worsening of the situation. The correct approach is to educate every single individual about the norovirus and the preventive measures and every possible means of communication as for example, advertisements through television, radio programs, newspapers and magazines must all be utilized to spread the message to common people. The management of closed and semi-closed settings must also ensure to educate people by pasting posters and distributing informative materials and leaflets about the norovirus. Collective human efforts to educate each other about the underlying issue would help to minimise the risk of spreading virus and would also facilitate in maintaining cleaner and healthier environment (Reason 2000). Once the outbreak has been declared the ward should be closed to admissions and the doors of the ward should also be kept closed to avoid the irrelevant visitors. There is a need to place an approved notice on the door indicating that a suspected norovirus outbreak, or outbreak of diarrhoea and vomiting within the orthopaedic ward followed by which the unnecessary traffic to the ward must be stopped. To conclude, the most integral aspect of improving the terminal cleaning of the ward is dependent upon how effectively the awareness has been created amongst the people. It is imperative to educate every individual who is particularly closer to the ward that includes, bed management, nurses, food handlers, waste management staff, cleaners, consultants, and health protection team. According to DoH (2003), daily updates must be circulated among the healthcare staff and the residents of the ward or healthcare setting during norovirus outbreaks. Education is an effective tool as the more individuals are aware of the facts the more they would adhere to preventive and control measures which subsequently result in progression of effective cleaning practices. Apart from educating people, the pragmatic approach should be adopted right after the discharge of patients followed by removing the linen on the beds and curtains to avoid any chances of left over virus attacks. The tangible surfaces s hall be cleaned with neutral detergent and water and then dried. During the terminal cleaning the beds shall not be re-made and every minute aspect shall be emphasized in order to attain a zero defect environment. Noroviruses has the tendency to survive for up to a week on cleaned beds and on clean bed linen and therefore, the terminal cleaning requires careful and thorough cleaning. An adequate amount of literature is available expounding on the infection preventive and control measures pertaining to the norovirus and there is not much difference in the recommended strategies to thwart the issue however, it is significant to realise that despite of such written about issue the prevention of the disease is still unattainable and this is because noroviruses are not visible to the naked eyes and the most critical factor i.e. human fallacy still persists and can never be prohibited. Therefore, to mitigate the spread of norovirus it is important not only to adhere with the specified pre ventive guidelines but also to increase awareness amongst the uninfected people so that the likelihood of virus spread out can be completely controlled and diminished. Barro-Gordon Model: Overview and Analysis Barro-Gordon Model: Overview and Analysis To what extent is there a disconnect between theoretical models of monetary policy, and how monetary policy is conducted in the real world? Your answer should draw on the theoretical models of monetary policy we have covered in lectures, and your knowledge of the monetary policy framework at the Bank of England (minimum 950 words, maximum 1000 words). The theories surrounding monetary policy have been radically transformed in recent decades, ultimately shaping the institutional structure and policies of central banks. The focus until recently was upon ‘a mandate, independence and accountability (Svensson, 2009) which closely reflected theoretical models, however the shifting nature of the economy with the current financial crisis has meant a greater disconnect between theory and practice. The Barro-Gordon model depicted the choices policy makers face when creating monetary policy. The incentive for policy-makers to create surprise inflation is shown below: (Taken from â€Å"The Barro Gordon model of rules vs. discretion†, Costain) This temptation of a temporary rise in employment is correlated with the pressure on governments to achieve high results before elections. The problem becomes time-inconsistent with rational expectations and a multi-period model. The optimal policy for government is positive inflation, which agents know and thus set expectations equal to. This demonstrates the optimal result of a binding rule. The rule vs. discretion debate highlighted the need to constrain government interference, resulting in increasing central bank independence and a focus upon long term horizons. However, rules cannot accommodate all possible events, and have created problems evident in the Thatcher government. The US policy between 1950-66, and 1985-2000 provides evidence that discretionary policy can produce good results. The assumptions of the distinction between only two types of central bankers and perfect control over the price level are deemed unrealistic. The granting of Central Bank independence within the UK in 1997 could be seen as a response to the impetus within theoretical literature such as Barro-Gordon to do so. Following this, the MPC was said to gain instant credibility with long-tern inflation expectations falling sharply. Empirical findings below support independent central banks ability to sustain lower inflation with no output cost. Central banks tend to follow Fischers theory of instrument independence and goal dependence. The idea of â€Å"constrained discretion† is seen in the UK with the Chancellors requirement of a remit letter if inflation strays by 1pp from target. The independence of the UKs Quantitative easing policy is seen by its status of â€Å"the business of the bank† (Mervyn King). However the democratic need for accountability is seen in the UKs allowance of a member of the treasury to sit in on meetings. Reputation and delegation are two theoretical commitment solutions to the dynamic-inconsistency problem. (Romer, 2001). Reputation plays a role in monetary policy, in a state of uncertainty such as the UK, where the image of central bankers of inflation fighting is important to establish credibility thus incentivising them to achieve targets. This issue is seen as being â€Å"near..to the hearts of real central bankers† (Blinder) and is achieved by processes such as publishing votes. Commitment solutions rely on the importance of expectations and are prominent in theory and practice of real world policy. This is reflected in the prominent role of the Bank of Englands inflation and output forecasts. However the New Keynesian Phillips Curve assumption that a rise in inflation expectations would give rise to inflation did not hold in recent times, as shown below. Rogoffs proposal of delegating monetary policy to ‘Conservative central bankers that are more inflation-averse than the general public provided the â€Å"intellectual framework for the redesign of the central banks† (Clement, 2008). It has been influential in the Bank of Englands appointment choices with the Conservative views of insiders dominating monetary policy (Spencer, 2009). The need for the ‘optimal level of conservatism explains ‘flexible inflation targets in many central banks, and the inclusion of ‘outsiders within the MPC. The use of a one-shot game and its exclusion of a disinflation possibility (Hallett, Libich Stehlik) disconnects it from reality. Although there is no such inclusion of a ‘performance contract (Walsh, 1995) within monetary policy, the theory drew attention to optimal incentive structures for central banks, which is a current focus in the financial crisis literature. The use of an inflation target which allows for output stabilisation, seen in the Svensson model (1997), is correlates with this theory and is evident in most central banks. Svensson proposes an optimal reaction function similar to the Taylor Rule, which the UKs MPC is said to follow (Spencer 2009). However due its ‘individualistic (Blinder) nature consolidated in the ‘one member one vote system, one rule could never account for the heterogeneous views within the MPC. However Harris Spencer model (2009) state that â€Å"the institutional status of Bank of England MPC members† holds more importance than differing reaction functions, The MPC contains five insiders appointed from within the bank, and four outsiders, appointed from other professions and academia. Theory correlates with practice, with insiders more likely to hold conservative views and vote as a block, when compared to outsiders. The rapid change of the economy in the recent financial crisis has led to a disconnection between theory and practice. The ‘one tool, one target approach has proved inadequate in dealing with the financial crisis. Blanchflower (2009) stipulated the exclusion of the financial sector as the reason the Central Bank was slow to realise the severity of the crisis. The effect of the financial crisis confirms the view that theory arises from events, and their unpredictability means models will always contain shortfalls. Shortfalls are also evident in healthy economies. The complete markets assumption seen in such influential models like the DSGE and the ones discussed above does not hold in a world â€Å"characterised by herding behaviour speculative bubbles† (Blanchflower, 2009). Critics cite the inclusion of fiscal policy within models as likely to alter results. In conclusion, the models I have discussed have been influential in determining the institutional structure of the bank, the type of central banker appointed and how they are done so. They have signified the importance of the role of bank incentives and expectations in forming policy. However as the recent financial crisis has shown, in such a dynamic complicated world littered with uncertainties, generalised models can never satisfy all the demands of practical monetary policy. Bibliography Books Blinder (1999), â€Å"Central Banking in Theory Practice† Romer (2001), â€Å"Advanced Macroeconomics† Articles Barro, (1977), â€Å"Unanticipated Money Growth and Unemployment in the United States†, The American Economic Review Barro, (1978), â€Å"Unanticipated Money, Output, and the Price Level in the United States†, The Journal of Political Economy Fischer (1994), How independent should a central bank be? Working Papers in Applied Economic Theory Hallett, Libich Stehlik (2007), Rogoff Revisited: The Conservative Central Banker Proposition Under Active Fiscal Policies, CAMA Working Papers Herrendorf, Berthold and Lockwood (1997), â€Å"Rogoff ´s conservative central banker restored†, Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking Spencer Harris (2009), â€Å"The Policy Choices and Reaction Functions of Bank of England MPC Members†, Southern Economic Journal Spencer (2009), Lectures Notes for Loughborough University Svensson (2009), â€Å"Optimal Inflation Targets, ‘Conservative Central Banks and Linear Inflation Contracts†, American Economic Review Walsh (1995), â€Å"Optimal Contracts for Central Bankers†, The American Economic Review Websites Bank of England, â€Å"Monetary Policy†, accessed at http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/monetarypolicy/overview.htm on 22/11/2009 Bank of England, â€Å"Treasury Committee enquiry into the Monetary Policy Committee of the Bank of England†, accessed at http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/other/treasurycommittee/mpc/tsc070219.pdf on 23/11/2009 Bean , â€Å"Is there a New Consensus In Monetary Policy?†, accessed at http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/other/monetary/bean070413.pdf on 23/11/2009 Blanchflower, â€Å"The Future of Monetary Policy† accessed at http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/speeches/2009/speech382.pdf on 24/11/2009 Clements, â€Å"A Rogoff Interview†, accessed at http://www.minneapolisfed.org/publications_papers/pub_display.cfm?id=4117 on 22/11/2009 Costain, â€Å"The Barro-Gordon model of Rules vs Discretion†, accessed at http://www.econ.upf.edu/~costain/theory4/bg.pdf on 22/11/2009 on 22/11/2009 Duncan, â€Å"King rounds on Cameron for trying to interfere in Quantitative Easing†, accessed at http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard-business/article-23767982-king-rounds-on-cameron-for-trying-to-interfere-in-quantitative-easing.do on 22/11/2009 Spencer Dale 2009  «Inflation targeting: Learning the lessons from the financial crisis » http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/speeches/2009/speech395.pdf Svensson (2009), â€Å"Flexible Inflation Targeting: Lessons from Financial Targeting†, accessed at http://people.su.se/~leosven/papers/090921e.pdf on 21/11/2009